Signal transduction pathways that include a phosphorylation cascade are generally initiated by a phosphorylase enzyme and limited to one step
are generally inactivated by a kinase enzyme and decrease signal transduction efficiency
are propagated by steroid hormone receptors to reach the final cellular response in one step
cause a structural change in each phosphorylated protein, with the addition of a phosphate group to activate the protein

Wetlands form where water and land meet. a lake with a wetland fringe can fill in with decayed plant and animal material to become a wet meadow. a pond can fill in to become a bog or fen. sediment can fill in a river marsh to become a swamp.flooding of coastal lowlands from rising sea levels has created broad coastal marshes that are protected from wave action by barrier islands or reefs. coastal wetlands also form when rivers deposit sediment as they reach the ocean. plants then take root and hold the soil firm against the forces of tides and waves.

Spherical shaped cell might increase the surface area and decrease the volume.