g A proton gradient is formed in the mitochondria such that the concentration of protons (H ) is higher on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane than on the other side. What is the purpose of this proton gradient

Atypical human cell is approximately 12.00 μm in diameter and enclosed by a membrane that is 5.000 nm thick. (a) what is the volume of the cell including the membrane? (b) what is the volume of the cell membrane? (c) what percent of the total volume does its membrane occupy? to simplify the calculations, model the cell as a sphere. enter your answers using four significant figures.

Which of the following is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem? a. bacteriab. airc. niched. grass(abiotic=non-living) me !

Kudzu vines grow by climbing and wrapping around trees. trees covered by kudzu can die because they are starved of sunlight. what type of relationship exists between the trees and the kudzu growing on them?