Ignore one selected i’m struggling here

Which incident would result in primary succession instead of secondary succession?

Atypical human cell is approximately 12.00 μm in diameter and enclosed by a membrane that is 5.000 nm thick. (a) what is the volume of the cell including the membrane? (b) what is the volume of the cell membrane? (c) what percent of the total volume does its membrane occupy? to simplify the calculations, model the cell as a sphere. enter your answers using four significant figures.

Hurry which of these is true about index fossils? a) are very scarcely found b) used as guides in relative dating c) found in the youngest layer of the rock d) used as reference points in absolute dating