1. How do you think the karyotype of cancerous cells might appear different from the karyotype of a non-cancerous cell?

2. What are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases? What do these proteins do in
a cell?

The cancer cells depict major changes in terms of their chromosomal structure, gene composition, and chromosome number. Therefore, while comparing the karyotype of a healthy person and a person with cancer, the changes in terms of mis-segregation, aneuploidy, anaphase lagging, and others can be observed. This can be attributed to the increased rate of cell division which is not under strict control of the cell cycle checkpoints. This bypass of cell cycle check results in increased abnormalities like improper segregation, increase or decrease in several chromosomes after cell division, and failure in detachment of chromosomes during meiosis. These changes are then manifested in the form of cancer as these cells continuously replicate and produce many copies over time and take over the healthy cells.

Explanation:

answer: after carbon dioxide enters the leaf through stomata it moves into the mesophyll cells where photosynthesis occurs and glucose is constructed. respiration occurs when glucose (sugar produced during photosynthesis) combines with oxygen to produce useable cellular energy.

explanation: