he purpose of this discussion to teach in practice, how you calculate the number of bacteria in a broth culture of a bacterium. Also, the knowing how a specific bacteria species grows in the laboratory conditions and determination of its growth curve allows studying effects of various chemical and physical factors on their growth. So, it is customary to find some basic growth characteristics of a bacterium for research. Q1. In your opinion, how can you use information gathered from growth curve measurements? Give some examples. Q2. Give an equation for measuring bacteria doubling time and show how you use it with an example. Q3. List various steps in making a bacterial growth curve. Q4. Do you think culturable bacteria isolated from an environment and in laboratory condition will have the same doubling time. Why/Why not? Explain.

estuaries are the partially enclosed coastal bodies of brackish water formed at the mouth of sea where river meets an ocean. it is a transition zone between river and sea water so estuaries are influenced to both marine environment such as tides, waves and to riverine such as flow of fresh water and sediments. the mixing of sea and fresh water provide high level of nutrients, making estuaries a high product habitats.

many estuaries suffers degradation from a variety of human activities like erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, overfishing, drainage and eutrophication.

so from the above statement answers will be

1. false as estuaries are formed due to both brackish and freshwater.

2.true, due to high productivity estuaries are breeding ground for many marine species.

3. direct and indirect activities of man that contribute to pollution and deposition of sediments.

gag reflex, poor dentition, gum retraction

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the hardy-weinberg equation is as follows:

where is homozygous dominant, 2pq is heterozygous, and is recessive.

we also know that:

so since we know that homozygous dominant is 0.53, we can solve for p:

so then we can solve for q:

so then we can solve for the heterozygous term:

so now we know that the percentage of the population that should be heterozygous is 39.6%.

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