Meaning of:
1. Plant Stranglers.
2. Ammonification
3.Nitrification

1. Plant strangers; named for their pattern of growth upon host trees, which often results in the host's death. example includes strangers fig

2. Ammonification refers to chemical reactions in which amino groups (NH2) associated with organic forms of nitrogen are converted into ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+).

3. Nitrification is the step in the nitrogen cycle that links the oxidation of ammonia (produced from the degradation of organic matter) to the loss of fixed nitrogen in the form of dinitrogen gas.

Explanation:

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the answer is d. chordata