In meiosis, crossing over occurs, where homologous chromosomes synapse and their chromatids exchange genetic information. During crossing over, the allele for one trait swaps places with the allele for the same trait on the homologous chromosome. At this point, the sister chromatids are no longer identical. When the chromatids split from each other, there are four unique haploid sperm or egg cells.

answer; i believe is(b)converging

for 8 am not sure maybe yes?

for 9 if it is asking if the male is more or less it would be less

hope i even just a little : )

the correct answer is: b. pantala flavescens, because these organisms would have a high level of genetic variation due to sexual reproduction.  

because involves two organisms (parents) whose genetic material combines, sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation in new generations of offspring. the offspring is an unique organism, with new genome, more protected with the higher ability to adapted. this process is fundamental to evolution.