G proteins are a family of receptor proteins that are involved in transmitting signals from outside a cell to inside a cell. When a signaling molecule binds to a G protein, the G protein is activated. The G protein then activates an enzyme that produces a second messenger called cAMP. Which of the following describes a critical role of cAMP during the transduction stage of a G protein signal transduction pathway?
a. cAMP carries the signal to the nucleus of the cell and results in new sequences of nucleotides being added to the cell’s DNA.
b. cAMP binds the extracellular signal molecule and carries it to the intracellular target specified by the signal.
c. cAMP modifies a specific monomer so that it can be added to an elongating structural macromolecule.
d. cAMP results in the activation of an enzyme that amplifies the signal by acting on many substrate molecules.

a

explanation:

most community's take hundreds of years to become stable

step 1: nitrogen fixation- conversion of atmospheric no₂ into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.

step 2: nitrification-process of converting ammonia to nitrite or nitrate.

step 3: assimilation-plant roots absorb new form of nitrogen.

step 4: ammonification-conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia by bacteria involved in decomposition.

step 5: denitrification-bacteria turns the decomposed matter back into n₂o, which is released into atmosphere; repeat cycle.

emerging idea only occurs as a raw idea that could appear out of nowhere. meanwhile, to reach scientific consensus , that idea must be structured and tested over and over again through various experiments. the scientific consensus transforms the raw idea into idea that is more reliable through the process of scientific elimination.