Pisumc Sativum, Latuca sativa, and Helianthus annuus are three species of plants. L sativa and H annus are both members of Family Asteraceae salva and P satvum are both members of Class Magnoliopsida

Which species are more closely related:

P Sativum and L sativa
L Sativa and H Annuus
P Sativum and H Annuus
All three equally related

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.

it provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed during the course of the reaction.

catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up. they do this by lowering the activation energy needed. with a catalyst, more collisions result in a reaction, so the rate of reaction increases. different reactions need different catalysts.

a catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. the rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst.