Explain the process of buffering that occurs in oceans.

bicarbonate can act as an acid or a base (i.e., donate or accept hydrogen ions) depending on conditions.

Under present-day conditions, these reactions buffer the pH of surface seawater at a slightly basic value of about 8.1 (above the neutral value around 7.0). At this pH, the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC ~ 2 mM) consists of approximately 1% CO2, 90% HCO3–, and 9% CO32– (Figure 2.1). The total boric acid concentration (B(OH)4– + B(OH)3)) is about 1/5 that of DIC. As discussed in section 2.2, increases in CO2 will increase the H+concentration, thus decreasing pH; the opposite occurs when CO2 decreases. We note that isotope fractionation between B(OH)3 and B(OH)4–is used for estimating past pH values

some inherited genetic mutations can be good for the offspring, so the answer is different genetic mutations cause many forms of cancer.