Which of the following is a possible cost of using renewable resources? a. loss of animal species b. land degradation c. lower availability of freshwater d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Renewable resources are those which can  be replenished or reproduced at a faster rate. But heavily decrease in the volume of these resources sometimes cannot be compensated.

a. Loss of animal species: Hunting and poaching of animal species has limited the population of endangered species to derive valuables like horns, skins from these animals for human use.

b. Land degradation: Landmass occupied by natural forests and other natural biomes are cleared for human use like agriculture, mining, urban development. These lands are loosing their natural potential and are treated as waste lands.

c. Lower availability of fresh water: Water from water bodies like lakes, rivers, groundwater, ponds are polluted by industrial, agricultural wastes making water unfit for human use. Groundwater are pumped out to maximum amount but the same level cannot be maintained by natural sources of water such as rain, agricultural field irrigation, river or any other means therefore, limiting the level of water in grounds.

All of the above.

Explanation: The possible cost of using renewable resources are as follows.

Loss of animals species: The cutting down of trees for wood and other materials that is a renewable source of energy leads to habitat loss of animals residing in that forest.

Land Degradation: The loss of biophysical property of soil can be said as land degradation. It is induced due to human activities and some environmental factors.

Lower availability of freshwater: The consumption of water for agriculture and other purposes are increasing so there is a lower availability of fresh water for consumption.

the african cheetah.

this species has a relatively low level of genetic

variation because the population was reduced to a small size approxi-

mately 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.

chapter   outline

24.1

genes in populations and the hardy-

weinberg equation

24.2

factors that change allele and genotype

frequencies in populations

24.3     sources of new genetic variation

population   genetics

24

until   now,   we   have   primarily   focused   our   attention   on   genes  

within   individuals   and   their   related   family   members.   in   this  

chapter   and   chapters   25   and   26   ,   we   turn   to   the   study   of   genes   in  

a   population   or   species.   the   field   of

population   genetics

  is   con-

cerned   with   changes   in   genetic   variation   within   a   group   of   indi-

viduals   over   time.   population   geneticists   want   to   know   the   extent  

of   genetic   variation   within   populations,   why   it   exists,   and   how   it  

changes   over   the   course   of   many   generations.   the   field   of   popu-

lation   genetics   emerged   as   a   branch   of   genetics   in   the   1920s   and  

1930s.   its   mathematical   foundations   were   developed   by   theoreti-

cians   who   extended   the   principles   of   gregor   mendel   and   charles  

darwin   by   deriving   formulas   to   explain   the   occurrence   of   geno-

types   within   populations.   these   foundations   can   be   largely   attrib-

uted to three scientists: sir ronald fisher, sewall wright, and j. b. s.

haldane.   as   we   will   see,   support   for   their   mathematical   theories  

was provided by several researchers who analyzed the genetic com-

position   of   natural   and   experimental   populations.   more   recently,  

population   geneticists   have   used   techniques   to   probe   genetic  

variation   at   the   molecular   level.   in   addition,   staggering   advances  

in   computer   technology   have   aided   population   geneticists   in   the  

analysis   of   their   genetic   theories   and   data.   in   this   chapter,   we   will  

explore   the   genetic   variation   that   occurs   in   populations   and   con-

sider   the   reasons   why   the   genetic   composition   of   populations   may  

change over the course of several generations