The "reproductive handicap" for sexual reproduction refers to the "reproductive handicap" for sexual reproduction refers to

It refers to have only half the offspring are females.  A female undergoing asexual reproduction would have offspring that have 100% of her genes, whereas a sexually reproducing female typically passes only 50% of her genetic material to her offspring. It can produce more offspring in a given time is sexually reproducing organisms. 

i believe the answer would be b. hope it : )

d. groundwater flows through the subsoil and deposits minerals.