In both photosynthesis and respiration, an electrochemical proton gradient drives chemiosmosis. what establishes the electrochemical gradient across a membrane to provide energy for atp production?

Hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane during electron transport. They are giving around the membrane by ability of energetic delivery. This establishes an electrochemical ability around the membrane like the single responsible for the action of nerve cells. Nerve cells use Potassium ions.  

a researcher conducts an experiment on the secretion of a particular hormone in mice. scientists inject mice with a substance that stimulates the production of the hormone. the scientists then test the levels of hormones produced by the mice. the tool used to measure the hormones consistently detects the levels at 10 points lower than the actual hormone levels in the mice. this tool makes measurements, but the measurements aren't .

explanation:

no u

bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids.