The mixture of food and gastric juice that passes from your stomach to your small intestine is called

The answer is Chyme. The stomach gives little gastric juice until food is present, some stomach cells secrete mucus, which prevents gastric juice from harming the cells of the stomach lining, the stomach produces its protein digesting enzyme, pepsin. Chyme is a thick liquid, created in the stomach from physical and chemical digestion (mixture of gastric juices) of food. 

the framers of the constitution insisted that federal judges be nominated instead of elected due to their desire to have judges above the shifting whims of the masses.

the hope, whether achieved or not, was that federal judges would only be beholden to the law and that by not having judges be elected, they would be protected if that law dictated an outcome that ran counter to popular opinion.