Which of the following is an example of a pioneer species?
a. fungus
b. trees
c. shrubs
d. grass

secondary succession can happen after primary succession or independently of primary succession.
a. true
b. false

which of the following about secondary succession is not true?
a. it occurs in ecosystems without soil.
b. it occurs in ecosystems that are already established.
c. it reduces the number of species in an ecosystem.
d. it is

The answer to the first question is a) fungus. A pioneer species is one which is the first to colonise an area, which can be seen with fungus in the way that spores are quickly spread across large areas. The answer to the second question is true. Secondary succession can happen after primary succession or independently of primary succession. Unfortunately I can't answer the third question as option d has been left unfinished.

The answer is atmosphere. there are four spheres of the earth: 1. geosphere (from greek word 'geo' = ground), 2. hydrosphere (from greek word 'hydro' = water), 3. biosphere (from greek word 'bio' = life), and 4. atmosphere (from greek word 'atmo' = air). a magnetosphere is a region of space around astronomical objects controlled by the magnetic field of that object. through the process of elimination, since lightning is present in the air, it can be found in the atmosphere.