7. guppies living in a stream have a variety of spot patterns, some of which provide good camouflage against the stones in the streambed and others of which make them stand out against the background, allowing potential mates to see them more easily. if a predator that hunted by sight were introduced to the stream, what would be the most likely long-term consequence for the guppy population? (2 points)

a) the number of guppies in the population would decline, although most of the remaining ones would be uncamouflaged.
b) the guppy population would devise a mutation that allowed the camouflaged guppies to find mates by scent or sound.
c) the guppy population would die out since none of the guppies would be able to find mates.
d) the number of camouflaged guppies in the population would increase while the number of successful matings decreased.

8. the following observations have been made about moose living in the northeastern forests of the united states.

1. male moose grow very broad antlers each year and lose them after the mating season in autumn.
2. large, heavy antlers can make escaping predators in a forest difficult if the trees grow closely together or if the underbrush is thick.
3. female moose do not develop antlers.
4. female moose raise their calves alone without the assistance of males.

what is the most likely inference that can be drawn from these observations?

a) having antlers makes the males grow bigger so they can better compete for food in the fall.
b) antlers make a male moose more likely to attract a mate and pass on the gene for antlers.
c) male moose spend all their excess energy growing antlers and cannot raise offspring.
d) male moose without antlers are more attractive to females because they can escape predators.

9. using your knowledge of hominid evolution, which of the following correctly associates the given brain capacities with the hominid species in the table in order from smallest to largest?

species time period

(millions of years ago) tool use
a. afarensis 3.6−2.8 possible tool use
a. africanus 3.0−2.4 possible tool use
h. habilis 2−1.5 simple stone tools
h. neanderthalensis 0.13−0.035 complex stone tools

a) h. neanderthalensis, h. habilis, a. africanus, a. afarensis
b) a. afarensis, a. africanus, h. habilis, h. neanderthalensis
c) a. afarensis, a. africanus, h. neanderthalensis, h. habilis
d) h. habilis, a. afarensis, a. africanus, h. neanderthalensis

10. hominid hind limbs became longer and stronger than their front limbs over time. also, the largest toe on the hind limbs became smaller and closer to the other toes. which of the following best explains the reason for this general trend in hominid evolution that occurred over millions of years? (2 points)

a) as hominids evolved, their grasping abilities increased, improving their climbing abilities.
b) as hominids evolved, their brain size increased and their overall height decreased.
c) hominids evolved to walk upright on their hind limbs, reducing the need for opposable toes.
d) hominids evolved to arboreal lifestyles in order to increase access to food sources.

11. a scientist makes a claim that two hominid species have a common evolutionary ancestor. which of the following must happen to ensure this claim can be considered valid? (2 points)

a) the scientist's hypothesis must be reviewed and revised.
b) funding for research must be obtained to conduct experimental trials.
c) experiments must be conducted to determine where the species' fossils can be found.
d) scientific evidence must be found, verified, and accepted by the scientific community.

12. an anthropologist compares the remains of homo neaderthalensis to earlier hominid species, like homo habilis, and to the contemporary and later species homo sapiens. he believes that homo neanderthalensis were the first hominids to bury their dead. what would make this conclusion incorrect?

a) finding a fossil of homo habilis beneath fossils of homo neanderthalensis
b)finding fossils of homo neanderthalensis skeletons in isolation
c)finding burial sites of modern homo sapiens in the same region as homo neanderthalensis fossils
d)finding burial sites of homo habilis on different continents