Molecular clocks
a. take advantage of the fact that all mutations happen at a steady rate.
b. take advantage of known mutation rates to estimate how long ago organisms shared a common ancestor.
c. take advantage of the fact that only neutral mutations do not happen at a steady rate.
d. take advantage of the fact that all mutations affect the fitness of an organism.

a

explanation:

many plants naturally reproduce this way, but it can also be induced artificially. horticulturalists have developed asexual propagation techniques that use vegetative plant parts to replicate plants. success rates and difficulty of propagation vary greatly. monocotyledons typically lack a vascular cambium and therefore are harder to propagate.

they fuse to form they have half as many chromosomes as a somatic cell of the same individual. b

the answer is c because it is most logical.