By what process does food move from the small intestines to the bloodstream so it can be circulated to the rest of the body

I believe you're looking for the process of absorption.

In absorption, digested, simple and soluble food molecules is absorbed into the body through the wall of small intestine. They move by methods of diffusion and active transport.

Villi in the intestinal wall also helps the absorption process. Villi can provide a large surface area so that more food can be absorbed at the same time. Also, the network of blood capillaries can help maintain a steep concentration gradient so that food molecules can be absorbed faster.

Absorption process is the process after digestion. Followed by it, assimilation can help the food become part of the cells and get used.