Which is true of the adaptive immune response? it is always activated even before an "invasion" by an antigen occurs. it is involved with destroying body cells that have been infected with a pathogen. it reacts the same regardless of the type of antigen. it denies entry to the body and limits the spread of pathogens. it causes the release of complements.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Which of the following is a true statement? question 8 options: populations can't evolve, only individual organisms. individuals have adaptations that can change over time. individuals have traits that may or may not make them successful at reproduction. individuals evolve to have adaptations.

Which of the following describes a bathypelagic zone