In your words, why is a cool basement often damp in the summer

At the time of summer season, the basement would be comparatively cooler in comparison to the external temperature. Also, in summers, the basements get warm as well as humid. When this humidity enters the basement, the moisture in the air gets condenses into the cool surfaces.

This leads to a typical dampness of the basement, and this dampness can often turn into some kind of mustiness, as various basements exhibit poor aeration to circulate fresh air through them.

the circled areas are referred to   as sunspots.   the sunspots are cooler than the   surrounding area.

sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. they correspond to concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection and result in reduced surface temperature compared to the surrounding photosphere.