Making counterfeit copies of gucci purses, tommy hilfiger sportswear, and other international brands is pervasive in china because laws protecting intellectual property are unclear and sporadically enforced. even when sanctions are applied, they are minimal, typically consisting of confiscation, a warning, a public apology, and perhaps a fine. moreover, copying enjoys a long tradition in china that does not carry a stigma. a business introducing a product into china needs to know that its may lead to trademark infringements.