To qualify as a nondiscriminating defined contribution plan, it must meet which two safe harbors? (defined contribution plans)

How would you cite different books by the same author on the works cited page? a. moore, jack h. folk songs and ballads. salem: poetry press, 1999. print. moore, jack h. ballads in poetry – a critical review. dallas: garden books, 1962. print. b. moore, jack h. folk songs and ballads. salem: poetry press, 1999. print. –––. ballads in poetry – a critical review. dallas: garden books, 1962. print. c. moore, jack h. ballads in poetry – a critical review. dallas: garden books, 1962. print. moore, jack h. folk songs and ballads. salem: poetry press, 1999. print. d. moore, jack h. ballads in poetry – a critical review. dallas: garden books, 1962. print. –––. folk songs and ballads. salem: poetry press, 1999. print.

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Afirm's before-tax cost of debt, rd, is the interest rate that the firm must pay on debt. because interest is tax deductible, the relevant cost of debt used to calculate a firm's wacc is the cost of debt, rd (1 – t). the cost of debt is used in calculating the wacc because we are interested in maximizing the value of the firm's stock, and the stock price depends on cash flows. it is important to emphasize that the cost of debt is the interest rate on debt, not debt because our primary concern with the cost of capital is its use in capital budgeting decisions. the rate at which the firm has borrowed in the past is because we need to know the cost of capital. for these reasons, the on outstanding debt (which reflects current market conditions) is a better measure of the cost of debt than the . the on the company's -term debt is generally used to calculate the cost of debt because more often than not, the capital is being raised to fund -term projects. quantitative problem: 5 years ago, barton industries issued 25-year noncallable, semiannual bonds with a $1,600 face value and a 8% coupon, semiannual payment ($64 payment every 6 months). the bonds currently sell for $845.87. if the firm's marginal tax rate is 40%, what is the firm's after-tax cost of debt? round your answer to 2 decimal places. do not round intermediate calcu