Do you think expenditure on road building and maintenance is an on-budget or off-budget expenditure?

Assuming that you're talking about the Federal's budget, road building and maintenance is an On-Budget expenditure

On-budget expenditures are those that included in regular annual budget,

meanwhile off-budget expenditures are those that included in regular annual budget

Maintaining public utilities to ensure people's safety is included on annual budget

Ibelieve that the answer is d. because that is the only option that is efficient.