Suppose the government wants to reduce the total pollution emitted by three local firms. currently, each firm is creating 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. if the government wants to reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units, it can choose between the following two methods: available methods to reduce pollution 1. the government sets pollution standards using regulation. 2. the government allocates tradable pollution permits. each firm faces different costs, so reducing pollution is more difficult for some firms than others. the following table shows the cost each firm faces to eliminate each unit of pollution. for each firm, assume that the cost of reducing pollution to zero (that is, eliminating all 4 units of pollution) is prohibitively expensive. firm cost of eliminating the . . first unit of pollution second unit of pollution third unit of pollution (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) firm x 80 130 210 firm y 75 90 130 firm z 550 700 1,075

Miller mfg. is analyzing a proposed project. the company expects to sell 8,000 units, plus or minus 2 percent. the expected variable cost per unit is $11 and the expected fixed costs are $287,000. the fixed and variable cost estimates are considered accurate within a plus or minus 5 percent range. the depreciation expense is $68,000. the tax rate is 32 percent. the sales price is estimated at $64 a unit, plus or minus 3 percent. what is the earnings before interest and taxes under the base case scenario?

About time delivery co. incurred the following costs related to trucks and vans used in operating its delivery service: classify each of the costs as a capital expenditure or a revenue expenditure. 1. changed the oil and greased the joints of all the trucks and vans. 2. changed the radiator fluid on a truck that had been in service for the past four years. 3. installed a hydraulic lift to a van. 4. installed security systems on four of the newer trucks. 5. overhaul the engine on one of the trucks purchased three years ago. 6. rebuilt the transmission on one of the vans that had been driven 40,000 miles. the van was no longer under warranty. 7. removed a two-way radio from one of the trucks and installed a new radio with a greater range of communication. 8. repaired a flat tire on one of the vans. 9. replaced a truck's suspension system with a new suspension system that allows for the delivery of heavier loads. 10. tinted the back and side windows of one of the vans to discourage theft of contents.

How do communism and socialism differ in terms of the role that government plays in the economy ?