George and helen have an 18-year-old son, joshua, who lived with them all year and is a college student. george and helen provided all the support for joshua and all the costs of keeping up their home. joshua worked during the year and received wages of $2,000. he had $140 of federal withholding. the reeds have a balance due on their return and are unsure what to do. george, helen, and joshua are u. s. citizens with valid social security numbers. george and helen ask if their son joshua should file a tax return for 2018. how should the volunteer respond? a. joshua is exempt from filing because he is a student. b. joshua does not have to file because he is their dependent and they can claim his income on their tax return. c. joshua must file based on the 2018 filing threshold for children and other dependents. d. joshua should file a tax return to claim a refund of his withholding.

In the fall, jay thompson decided to live in a university dormitory. he signed a dorm contract under which he was obligated to pay the room rent for the full college year. one clause stated that if he moved out during the year, he could sell his dorm contract to another student who would move into the dormitory as his replacement. the dorm cost was $5000 for the two semesters, which jay had already paid a month after he moved into the dorm, he decided he would prefer to live in an apartment. that week, after some searching for a replacement to fulfill his dorm contract, jay had two offers. one student offered to move in immediately and to pay jay $300 per month for the eight remaining months of the school year. a second student offered to move in the second semester and pay $2500 to jay. jay estimates his food cost per month is $500 if he lives in the dorm and $450 if he lives in an apartment with three other students. his share of the apartment rent and utilities will be $404 per month. assume each semester is 4.5 months long. disregard the small differences in the timing of the disbursements or receipts. what is the cost of the cheapest alternative?

The questions of economics address which of the following ? check all that apply

Pam is a low-risk careful driver and fran is a high-risk aggressive driver. to reveal their driver types, an auto-insurance company a. refuses to insure high-risk drivers b. charges a higher premium to owners of newer cars than to owners of older cars c. offers policies that enable drivers to reveal their private information d. uses a pooling equilibrium e. requires drivers to categorize themselves as high-risk or low-risk on the application form