Suppose turkey has exports of 2 billion turkish lira, while its imports are 2 billion turkish lira. calculate turkey's "index of openness" (trade-to-gdp ratio) assuming turkey has 10 billion turkish lira of output, or gdp.

Zara, a global retail and apparel manufacturer based in spain that has successfully implemented this idea by having a continuous flow of new products that are typically limited in supply. zara has created a system that draws its clientèle into its stores, on average, 17 times per year as compared to 4 times per year for most stores. how is zara using it to gain competitive advantage? what specific technologies are used by zara to maintain this advantage over its competition?