Paula, fred, and stephanie agree that paula and fred will form and conduct a partnership business and that stephanie will become a partner in two years. stephanie agrees to lend the firm $50,000 and take 10 percent of the profits in lieu of interest. without stephanie's knowledge, paula and fred tell harold that stephanie is a partner, and harold, relying on stephanie's sound financial status, gives the firm credit. the firm later becomes insolvent, and harold seeks to hold stephanie liable as a partner. should harold succeed?

James jones is the owner of a small retail business operated as a sole proprietorship. during 2017, his business recorded the following items of income and expense: revenue from inventory sales $ 147,000 cost of goods sold 33,500 business license tax 2,400 rent on retail space 42,000 supplies 15,000 wages paid to employees 22,000 payroll taxes 1,700 utilities 3,600 compute taxable income attributable to the sole proprietorship by completing schedule c to be included in james’s 2017 form 1040. compute self-employment tax payable on the earnings of james’s sole proprietorship by completing a 2017 schedule se, form 1040. assume your answers to parts a and b are the same for 2018. further assume that james's business is not a service business, and that it has $155,000 unadjusted basis in tangible depreciable property. calculate james's 2018 section 199a deduction.