Suppose that the u. s. government determines that cigarette smoking creates social costs not reflected in the current market price and equilibrium quantity of cigarettes. a study has recommended that the government can correct for the externality effect of cigarette consumption by paying farmers not to plant tobacco used to manufacture cigarettes. it also recommends raising the funds to make these payments by increasing taxes on cigarettes. these actions by the government lead to all the following outcomes, except
a leftward shift of the supply curve of tobacco
a leftward shift of the supply curve of cigarettes
an increase in the negative externality caused by cigarette smoking
a reduction in the negative externality caused by cigarette smoking

Which of the following best describes the economic effect that results when the government increases interest rates and restricts the lending of money? a. borrowing money becomes more expensive and there is less investment in production. b. the economy grows as investments result in larger profits. c. government spending drives up prices because of greater competition for goods and services. d. consumers save more money and spend less buying goods and services.

Afirm's before-tax cost of debt, rd, is the interest rate that the firm must pay on debt. because interest is tax deductible, the relevant cost of debt used to calculate a firm's wacc is the cost of debt, rd (1 – t). the cost of debt is used in calculating the wacc because we are interested in maximizing the value of the firm's stock, and the stock price depends on cash flows. it is important to emphasize that the cost of debt is the interest rate on debt, not debt because our primary concern with the cost of capital is its use in capital budgeting decisions. the rate at which the firm has borrowed in the past is because we need to know the cost of capital. for these reasons, the on outstanding debt (which reflects current market conditions) is a better measure of the cost of debt than the . the on the company's -term debt is generally used to calculate the cost of debt because more often than not, the capital is being raised to fund -term projects. quantitative problem: 5 years ago, barton industries issued 25-year noncallable, semiannual bonds with a $1,600 face value and a 8% coupon, semiannual payment ($64 payment every 6 months). the bonds currently sell for $845.87. if the firm's marginal tax rate is 40%, what is the firm's after-tax cost of debt? round your answer to 2 decimal places. do not round intermediate calcu

Evaluate a real situation between two economic actors; it could be any scenario: two competing businesses, two countries in negotiations, two kids trading baseball cards, you and another person involved in an exchange or anything else. use game theory to analyze the situation and the outcome (or potential outcome). be sure to explain the incentives, benefits and risks each face.