Which of the following statements is correct?
a. if a lower level person in a firm does something illegal, like "cooking the books," to understate costs and thereby artificially increase profits because he or she was ordered to do so by a superior, the lower level person cannot be prosecuted but the superior can be prosecuted.
b. there are many types of unethical business behavior. one example is where executives provide information that they know is incorrect to outsiders. it is illegal to provide such information to federally regulated banks, but it is not illegal to provide it to stockholders because they are the owners of the firm.
c. if someone deliberately understates costs and thereby causes reported profits to increase, this can cause the stock price to rise above its intrinsic value. the stock will probably fall in the future. both those who participated in the fraud and the firm itself can be prosecuted.
d. ethical behavior is not influenced by training and auditing procedures. people are either ethical or they are not, and this is what determines ethical behavior in business.
e. ethics is not an important consideration in business and in business schools.

Rate of return, standard deviation, coefficient of variation personal finance problem mike is searching for a stock to include in his current stock portfolio. he is interested in hi-tech inc.; he has been impressed with the company's computer products and believes hi-tech is an innovative market player. however, mike realizes that any time you consider a technology stock, risk is a major concern. the rule he follows is to include only securities with a coefficient of variation of returns below 1.07. mike has obtained the following price information for the period 2015 through 2018:hi-tech stock, being growth-oriented, did not pay any dividends during these 4 years. a. calculate the rate of return for each year, 2015 through 2018, for hi-tech stock. b. assume that each year's return is equally probable and calculate the average return over this time period. c. calculate the standard deviation of returns over the past 4 years. (hint: treat this data as a sample.) d. based on b and c determine the coefficient of variation of returns for the security. e. given the calculation in d what should be mike's decision regarding the inclusion of hi-tech stock in his portfolio?