The partnership of marks & sparks sustained an ordinary loss of $42,000 in year 1. the partnership, as well as the two partners, are on a calendar-year basis. the partners share profits and losses equally. at december 31, year 1, marks had an adjusted basis of $18,000 for his partnership interest, before consideration of the loss. on his year 1 individual tax return, marks should deduct an(a)
ordinary loss of $18,000 j k l m n
ordinary loss of $21,000 j k l m n
ordinary loss of $18,000 and a capital loss of $3,000 j k l m n
capital loss of $21,000j k l m n

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.