When producers receive a subsidy, sellers receive a:
a. lower price than the pre-subsidy equilibrium, and buyers pay a higher one.
b. lower price than the pre-subsidy equilibrium, and buyers pay a lower one.
c. higher price than the pre-subsidy equilibrium, and buyers pay a higher one.
d. higher price than the pre-subsidy equilibrium, and buyers pay a lower one.

Alandlord rented an art studio to an artist. under the terms of the signed, written, two-year lease, the artist agreed to pay the landlord $1,000 per month and to assume responsibility for all necessary repairs. after the first year of the lease, the artist assigned the balance of his lease to a sculptor. the landlord approved the sculptor as a tenant and accepted two rent payments from her, and then the landlord sold the building to an investor. the sculptor had made two payments to the investor when an electrical fire broke out in the studio, injuring the sculptor. the fire was caused by faulty wiring. the landlord was aware that there was a dangerous wiring problem when he leased the property to the artist. but when the landlord discovered how costly repairs would be, he decided it would be more profitable to sell the property than to repair it. the problem was not easily discoverable by anyone other than an expert electrician, and the landlord did not tell the artist, the sculptor, or the investor about the problem. the sculptor sues to recover damages for her injuries. from whom can the sculptor recover?

Employees at a library check out books to patrons. books have an isbn and a name. the library sometimes has multiple copies of the same book. books have one or more authors. a patron is an individual who has an active (non-expired) library card. for each library card, we store the person's first and last names and their address. for each employee, we store their employee id, current salary, first and last name and their address. we also store the employee id of their current manager. each time we check out a book to a patron we need to store the date of the transaction, the employee who checked out the book to the patron, and the library card of the patron. some employees have library cards. if an employee patron turns in a book late, the fine that they pay is a percentage of their salary. some employees are authors who have library cards—they are allowed to check out as many books as they like.

Paid-in-capital in excess of par represents the amount of proceeds a. from the original sale of common stock b. in excess of the par value from the original sale of common stock c. at the current market value of the common stock d. at the curent book value of the common stock