Consider the market for baseball caps. there are many producers in this market, and we assume that the technology of production is identical among these producers. a typical producer in this market has a u-shaped average variable cost curve with the minimum average variable cost at $2.50, and a u-shaped average total cost curve with the minimum average total cost at $3.50. what does the market supply of baseball caps look like in the long run? choose one: a. an upward-sloping curve that starts at the price of zero b. an upward-sloping curve that starts at the price of $3.50, with zero supply at a price less than $3.50 c. an upward-sloping curve that starts at the price of $2.50, with zero supply at a price less than $2.50 d. a horizontal line at a price of $3.50

Why should managers invest any excess cash

Kumar consulting operates several stock investment portfolios that are used by firms for investment of pension plan assets. last year, one portfolio had a realized return of 12.6 percent and a beta coefficient of 1.15. the average t-bond rate was 7 percent and the realized rate of return on the s& p 500 was 12 percent. what was the portfolio's alpha?

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.