Under the dual-track accounting approach used in the text, which of the following transactions or events would be recorded in the journal for governmental activities at the government-wide level? a. a. recording the annual budget, property tax levy, and payroll. b. recording the property tax levy, issuance of tax anticipation notes, and accrual of interest on long-term debt at year-end. c. recording the property tax levy, payroll, and encumbrances for purchase orders. d. recording the property tax levy, encumbrances for purchase orders, and payment of interest on long-term debt.

Because of the violent nature of the sport, professional american football players are at risk of suffering concussions (or brain injuries) during the violent collisions that occur between players during the game. violent collisions involving hits to the head are particularly risky. suppose the commissioner of the national football league (nfl) institutes a rule requiring players to wear a new, lighter helmet that is designed to reduce head trauma during collisions between players on the field. while the new helmets the probability of a concussion resulting from each individual collision, at the same time the new helmets could also give football players an incentive to play more , which could potentially the amount of violent collisions and thus the number of concussions suffered by nfl players, all else equal.