Identify the following situations as an example of a negative or a positive externality: a. you are a birder (bird watcher), and your neighbor has put up several birdhouses in the yard as well as planting trees and flowers that attract birds. b. your neighbor paints his house a hideous color. c. investments in private education raise your country’s standard of living. d. trash dumped upstream flows downstream right past your home. e. your roommate is a smoker, but you are a nonsmoker.

Skychefs, inc. prepares in-flight meals for a number of major airlines. one of the company's products is grilled salmon in dill sauce with baby new potatoes and spring vegetables. during the most recent week, the company prepared 4000 of these meals using 960 direct labor hours. the company paid these direct labor workers a total of $19,200 for this work, or $20.00 per hour. according to standard cost card for this meal, it should require 0.25 direct labour-hours at a cost of $19.75 per hour.1. what is the standard labor-hours allowed (sh) to prepare 4,000 meals? 2. what is the standard labor cost allowed (sh x sr) to prepare 4,000 meals? 3. what is the labor spending variance? 4. what is the labor rate variance and the labor efficiency variance?