For a negative externality, the than the costs imposed on society as a whole.

Benefit is less

Explanation:

An externality is when the activities of an economic agent has either costs or benefits on third party economic agent or the society as a whole.

Externality can either be negative or positive.

Negative externality is when the cost is greater than the benefits to third party economic agent or the society as a whole. E.g. pollution

Positive externality is when the benefit is greater than the cost to third party economic agent or the society as a whole. E.g. research

answer; /// (b) i believe its that is paid to state and federal taxing authorities;

ans.

heterothermic organisms include those organisms that can switch between homeothermic (having body temperature higher than environment) and poikilothermic (having variation in internal body temperature) strategies.

some migratory birds show heterothermy as they decrease their metabolic rate during cold nights to keep their body temperature low. drop in metabolic rate allows increase in production efficiency of birds that reduces the internal body temperature to make it equal to external cold temperature during cold nights.

thus, the correct answer is 'birds allow their temperature drop in order to increase their production efficiency.'