Stockholders' equity
a. is usually equal to cash on hand
b. includes paid-in capital and liabilities
c. includes retained earnings and paid-in capital
d. is shown on the income statement

C. includes retained earnings and paid-in capital

Explanation:

The statement of stockholder's equity comprises common stock i.e paid-in capital and retained earnings.

The ending balance of retained earning = Beginning balance of retained earnings + net income - dividend paid

And, the ending balance of the common stock = Beginning balance of common stock + issued shares  

In the balance sheet, the assets, liabilities, and stockholder equity is recorded. In this the accounting equation is used which is shown below:  

Total assets = Total liabilities + stockholder equity  

The debit and credit side of the balance sheet should always be equal and balanced.  

Moreover, it always is prepared on the specified date.

match each type of restriction with one of its effects.

a. land-use laws

b. labor laws

c. banking regulations

a. controlled development of towns and cities

b. protection of young workers

c. greater financial stability