Foreign exchange market
by business & economics research advisor, from the library of congress

in 1971, u. s. dollars were no longer exchanged for gold; and in 1973, the floating exchange rate system that governs the fx market today was put into place. now, all currencies are valued by the market forces of supply and demand. since the abandonment of the gold standard, the fx market has become an important part of international economics. with the advent of floating exchange rates, the foreign exchange market has become unregulated. no institution sets rules for trading, and it is not under the supervision of any international organization. when necessary, governments and central banks often work together to restore stability to the fx market. foreign exchange and international trade are closely connected. together, they affect the economic situation of people throughout the world.
currently, how are foreign exchange rates established?
(a)

Suppose an economist believes that the price level in the economy is directly related to the money supply, or the amount of money circulating in the economy. the economist proposes the following relationship: p=a x m - p=price level - m=money supply - a=a composite of other factors, including real gdp, that change very slowly over time. how might an economist gather empirical data to test the proposed relationship between money and the price level? an economist would persuade the federal reserve to change the money supply to various levels, and observe the resulting changes in the price level. unlike researchers in the hard sciences, economists cannot study complex relationships using data. economists do not usually develop theoretical models of the economy but only analyze summary statistics about the current state of the economy. an economist would look for data on past changes in the money supply, and note the resulting changes in the price level

When the federal reserve buys bonds from or sells bonds to member banks, it is called monetary policy reserve ratio interest rate adjustment open market operations

By 2020, automobile market analysts expect that the demand for electric autos will increase as buyers become more familiar with the technology. however, the costs of producing electric autos may increase because of higher costs for inputs (e.g., rare earth elements), or they may decrease as the manufacturers learn better assembly methods (i.e., learning by doing). what is the expected impact of these changes on the equilibrium price and quantity for electric autos?