Retained earnings:

generally consists of a company's cumulative net income less any net losses and dividends declared since its inception.

can only be appropriated by setting aside a cash fund.

represent an amount of cash available to pay shareholders.

are never adjusted for anything other than net income or dividends.

represents the amount shareholders are guaranteed to receive upon company liquidation.

Label each of the following statements true, false, or uncertain. explain your choice carefully. a. workers benefit equally from the process of creative destruction. b. in the past two decades, the real wages of low-skill u.s. workers have declined relative to the real wages of high-skill workers. c. technological progress leads to a decrease in employment if, and only if, the increase in output is smaller than the increase in productivity. d. the apparent decrease in the natural rate of unemployment in the united states in the second-half of the 1990s can be explained by the fact that productivity growth was unexpectedly high during that period.