(a) how are bonds rated? (b) how are these rating to the investors?

1. gdp is calculated by summing consumption, investment, and exports of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a specific period the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a specific period government expenditures within the borders of a given country during a specific period the quantity of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a specific period

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of organizing a firm as a c corporation? the advantages are: (select all the choices that apply.) a. there is no limit on the number of owners a c corporation may have, thus allowing the corporation to raise substantial amounts of capital. b. the life of the business can continue beyond the death of any of the owners. c. the corporation can use the assets of the owners to pay for corporate liabilities. this attracts smaller investors to the corporation. d. the liability of the owners is limited to the amount of their investment in the firm. the disadvantages are: (select all the choices that apply.) a. income to a c corporation is subject to double taxation, once at the corporate level and again when received by the owners in the form of a dividend. b. the life of the business usually ends with the death of any of the owners. c. the c corporation is more complicated and more expensive to set up than other business entities. d. corporate liabilities can be passed on to the share

5. profit maximization and shutting down in the short run suppose that the market for polos is a competitive market. the following graph shows the daily cost curves of a firm operating in this market. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 price (dollars per polo) quantity (thousands of polos) mc atc avc for each price in the following table, calculate the firm's optimal quantity of units to produce, and determine the profit or loss if it produces at that quantity, using the data from the previous graph to identify its total variable cost. assume that if the firm is indifferent between producing and shutting down, it will produce. (hint: you can select the purple points [diamond symbols] on the previous graph to see precise information on average variable cost.) price quantity total revenue fixed cost variable cost profit (dollars per polo) (polos) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) 12.50 135,000 27.50 135,000 45.00 135,000 if the firm shuts down, it must incur its fixed costs (fc) in the short run. in this case, the firm's fixed cost is $135,000 per day. in other words, if it shuts down, the firm would suffer losses of $135,000 per day until its fixed costs end (such as the expiration of a building lease). this firm's shutdown price—that is, the price below which it is optimal for the firm to shut down—is per polo.