How are bonds rated? how are these rating to the investors?

Independent agencies; reliability and stability

Explanation:

Bonds are securities which help to raise funds. Bonds generally rated by independent agencies, which rate bonds based on their performance and reliability. Independent agencies forecast the future prices of bonds based on historical data. Investors highly rely on bond ratings because it helps them to identify the best investment decision. Investors usually invest in bonds which are rated higher due to their reliability and future predictions.

a progressive tax is a tax that imposes a lower tax rate on low-income earners compared to those with a higher income, making it based on the taxpayer's ability to pay. that means it takes a bigger percentage from high income earners than it does from low income people.