After years of tinkering and reverse engineering initiatives, kimray had finally unlocked the secrets of the beta tape format. a quick trip to the rental store was an epiphany for company leadership when they realized that only a handful of beta tapes were available; the rest of the world had adopted the vhs format seemingly overnight. now they would have to buy a few of those newfangled vhs machines to see how they ticked. the contingency funds that management had set aside would be put to good use on this: a) change in project scope. b) abnormal condition. c) unanticipated interaction cost. d) latest evidence of murphy's law.