Use i = increase, d = decrease, or n = no effect, to indicate the effect on retained earnings for each of the listed transactions.

a net loss for the year.

a stock split effected in the form of a stock dividend.

a stock split in which the par per share is reduced (but not effected in the form of a stock dividend).

declaration of a 5% stock dividend.

declaration of a cash dividend.

issue stock for noncash assets.

payment of previously declared cash dividend.

retirement of common stock at a cost greater than the original issue price.

retirement of common stock at a cost less than the original issue price.

resale of treasury stock for less than carrying value assuming no previous treasury stock sales.

Trecek corporation incurs research and development costs of $625,000 in 2017, 30 percent of which relate to development activities subsequent to ias 38 criteria having been met that indicate an intangible asset has been created. the newly developed product is brought to market in january 2018 and is expected to generate sales revenue for 10 years. assume that a u.s.–based company is issuing securities to foreign investors who require financial statements prepared in accordance with ifrs. thus, adjustments to convert from u.s. gaap to ifrs must be made. ignore income taxes. required: (a) prepare journal entries for research and development costs for the years ending december 31, 2017, and december 31, 2018, under (1) u.s. gaap and (2) ifrs. (c) prepare the entry(ies) that trecek would make on the december 31, 2017, and december 31, 2018, conversion worksheets to convert u.s. gaap balances to ifrs.

Your dormitory, griffingate, has appointed you central banker of its economy, which deals in the currency of wizcoins. assume that the velocity of wizcoins in griffingate is constant at 10,000 transactions per year. right now, real gdp is 1,000 wizcoins, and there are 2,000 wizcoins in existence.

If a product goes up in price, and the demand for it drops, that product's demand is a. elastic b. inelastic c. stable d. fixed select the best answer from the choices provided