Gamma, Inc., has struggled for industry dominance with Ardent, Inc., its main competitor, for years. Gamma has gathered and analyzed large amounts of competitive intelligence about Ardent. It has observed as much of the firm's internal functioning and technology as it can legally, yet Gamma cannot understand why Ardent has a competitive advantage over it. The source of Ardent's success is:

Causally ambiguous

Explanation:

Causal ambiguity occurs when the source of a companie's competitive edge cannot be identified by competitors. This could be as a result of unique expertise in a particular field or due to the complexity of interactions that gives rise the the companie's success.

In this instance despite extensive competitor intelligence and observation of their processes Gamma Inc is unable to understand to source of Ardent's competitive advantage.

a corporation is legally separate from its owner, and it pays its own taxes.

answernaturalistic observation;