The excerpts below are from an article published in The Economist called Going up or down? June 7, 2007. It’s written by a journalist who lived in Kenya forty-eight years ago and went back for a visit in 2007. Each quote provides a description of an impediment to economic growth in Kenya. Your job is to choose (from the drop-down menu) which of the institutions that foster economic growth is missing in each example.

"Kenya's general state of disrepair is striking. Tens of billions of dollars of aid have been spent, yet in many respects the country's infrastructure is worse than it was 40 years ago. Roads have crumbled away, the rail service has all but collapsed, ports are clogged and some have even closed. Many hospitals and schools are dilapidated. Forests have been cut down, rivers have silted up; grazing land has been eroded, and fencing posts in once well-run commercial farms uprooted and burnt."

a. Private property rights must be established by law and enforced by police
b. A well-functioning financial system must be maintained.
c. Government must provide adequate physical infrastructure.
d. Government must provide basic security and political stability