An intervening force, which happens after the defendant's negligent act and contributes to the plaintiff's injury, can excuse the defendant from liability if it: could have been anticipated. was proximate. was unforeseeable. was an intentional tort and not an unintentional one.

was unforeseeable.

Explanation:intervening force are forces which makes the injury of tbe plaintiff worse

dependent intervening forces and,

independent intervening forces.

This is a normal response by third person due to defendant's negligence. This forces occurs directly and are considered foreseeable and can't excuse a defendant from being liable.

The example of dependent intervening forces:

checking forces,

rescue forces,

escape forces and,

other response forces.

This for example when a plaintiff get worse after they have received a careless medical treatment from the defendant.

An independent intervening force also a person will be liable for only the aspects of foreseeable aspect of the incident cause it does not come from a direct response to the negligence

What ever someone could have not foreseen can not be liable for that part.

a) both were commissioned explorers