Over time, members of the supply chain often formalize their relationship by entering into contracts that dictate various terms, such as how much Walmart will buy from P&G each month and at what price, as well as the penalties for late deliveries. This contract is an example of a(n)
contractual vertical marketing system

The uptowner just paid an annual dividend of $4.12. the company has a policy of increasing the dividend by 2.5 percent annually. you would like to purchase shares of stock in this firm but realize that you will not have the funds to do so for another four years. if you require a rate of return of 16.7 percent, how much will you be willing to pay per share when you can afford to make this investment?