Please respond to A-I, by stating which element of expectancy theory

a- Lucia: worked hard to impress her boos with her reliability, creativity, and decision making skills. She really wants to qualify for an upcoming promotion which will give her the autonomy and empowerment she desires. (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

b- August : has noticed a drop in motivation in two of his direct reports and has arranged for them to get specialized training in order to increase their skills (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

c- Gunnar : believes that there is no way to market this product that will induce customers to buy it. It’s just a bad product (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

d- Sosie: checks to make sure which organizational rewards she has the authority to award before announcing them to her workers. She doesn’t want them to work hard and then not get a promised reward. (expectancy; instrumentality, valence)

e- Seraphina: makes sure to tell her workers how much confidence she has in their ability to achieve the goals of the department. She tells them she sees how well they are performing ( expectancy; instrumentality, valence)

f- Wynn: is determined to work hard because he has seen that each employee who achieves $1 million in sales receives a two week trip to Hawaii (expectancy; instrumentality, valence)

g- Finley: has decided to quit working so hard. It seems the only reward for hard work is more work! (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

h- Isadora: surveyed her workers as to which of a group of rewards would interest them the most. She wants to be sure of offer them rewards they want (expectancy; instrumentality; valence)

i- Ryder: has decided that hard work is worthless. His manager only give the promised rewards to his "pets" even if their performance is lower than the other workers (expectancy, instrumentality, valence)