Influencing and increasing the capabilities of a firms own employees, as well as those of their trading partners, will help to eliminate which of the following obstacles to process integration?

a. Shortage Gaming
b. Risk Pooling
c. Lack of trust
d. Lack of Knowledge

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Benning manufacturing company is negotiating with a customer for the lease of a large machine manufactured by benning. the machine has a cash price of $980,000. benning wants to be reimbursed for financing the machine at a 9% annual interest rate. (fv of $1, pv of $1, fva of $1, pva of $1, fvad of $1 and pvad of $1) (use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.) required: 1. determine the required lease payment if the lease agreement calls for 10 equal annual payments beginning immediately. 2. determine the required lease payment if the first of 10 annual payments will be made one year from the date of the agreement. 3. determine the required lease payment if the first of 10 annual payments will be made immediately and benning will be able to sell the machine to another customer for $68,000 at the end of the 10-year lease.

If the price of walnuts rises, many people would switch from consuming walnuts to consuming pecans. but if the price of salt rises, people would have difficulty purchasing something to use in its place. these examples illustrate the importance of