An example of "dirty surplus" (associated with gains and losses reported directly to equity) is the use of: a. Extraordinary items b. 401K plans c. Available-for-sale marketable securities d. Other post-employment benefits

Phoenix guitars is interested in pursuing backward integration to take greater ownership of the extraction of raw materials and production of components used in its signature line of guitars. although this approach would lower the overall cost of producing a guitar, the costs associated with producing electronic pickupsfor sound amplification are far greater than those associated with sourcing pickups from a reliable supplier. which of the following approaches is likely to produce superior results? a) invest in vertical integration despite the cost of producing pickups.b) abandon the idea of vertical integration entirely.c) pursue taper integration.d) introduce a budget line of guitars to diversify the firm's offerings.