Suppose a farmer's field abuts a railroad track. The trains create sparks which damage the farmer's crops. Also suppose the railroad can install shields along the tracks which will keep the sparks from burning the crops. In each scenario, which outcome will occur per the Coase Theorem?Scenario I: The farmer has the right to be protected from sparks. The cost of the shields is $1000. The damage to crops is $800.a) Shield installed and paid for by the railroad. b) Shields installed and paid for by the farmer. c) No shields installed -- side payment to farmer from railroad. d) No shields installed -- no side payment (farmer has to put up with crop damage).Scenario II: The farmer has the right to be protected from sparks. The cost of the shields is $800. The damage to crops is $1000.a) Shield installed and paid for by the railroad. b) Shields installed and paid for by the farmer. c) No shields installed -- side payment to farmer from railroad. d) No shields installed -- no side payment (farmer has to put up with crop damage).

Suppose someone wants to sell a piece of land for cash. the selling of a piece of land represents turning

Each of the following scenarios is based on facts in anactual fraud. categorize each scenario as primarily indicating (1) anincentive to commit fraud, (2) an opportunity to commit fraud, or(3) a rationalization for committing fraud. also state your reasoningfor each scenario.a. there was intense pressure to keep the corporation ' stock from declining further. this pressure came from investors, analysts,and the ceo, whose financial well-being was significantly dependent on the corporation ' s stock price.b. a group of top-level management was compensated (mostly in the form of stock-options) well in excess of what would be considered normal for their positions in this industry.c. top management of the company closely guards internal financial information, to the extent that even some employees on a “need-to-know basis” are denied full access.d. managing specific financial ratios is very important to the company, and both management and analysts are keenly observant of variability in key ratios. key ratios for the company changed very little even though the ratios for the overall industry were quite volatile during the time period.e. in an effort to reduce certain accrued expenses to meet budget targets, the cfo directs the general accounting department to reallocate a division’s expenses by a significant amount. the general accounting department refuses to acquiesce to the request, but the journal entry is made trough the corporate office. an accountant in the general accounting department is uncomfortable with the journal entries required to reallocate divisional expenses. he brings his concerns to the cfo, who assures him that everything will be fine and that the entries are necessary. the accountant considers resigning, but he does not have another job lined up and is worried about supporting his family. therefore, he never voices his concerns to either the internal or external auditors.f. accounting records were either nonexistent or in a state of such disorganization that significant effort was required to locate or compile them.

For 2018, rahal's auto parts estimates bad debt expense at 1% of credit sales. the company reported accounts receivable and an allowance for uncollectible accounts of $86,500 and $2,100, respectively, at december 31, 2017. during 2018, rahal's credit sales and collections were $404,000 and $408,000, respectively, and $2,340 in accounts receivable were written off.rahal's accounts receivable at december 31, 2018, are: